政四A 劉力豪 (8)

系級 : 政四A
姓名 : 劉力豪
學號 : 04114140

出處 : https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48147515
時間 : 2019/05/03

標題 :

Russia tightens grip on its national net

新聞內容 :
Russia has formally adopted a law that gives its government more control over its domestic internet.
The law means the systems that exchange data between the networks forming the Russian internet must share more information with government regulators.
It also lets regulators exert direct control over what Russians can post, see and talk about online when national security is threatened.
Russian net firms have until 1 November to comply with the law.
Widespread protests were mounted in a bid to stop the law being passed.
The legislation is part of a long-running plan within Russia to rely less on networks outside the country to help data reach its destination.
Instead, Russia wants traffic sent between its citizens to stay inside its cyber-borders instead of travelling across international networks, over which it has less control.
To help with this project, Russia is also working on developing its own net address books so it can operate almost autonomously, although this work will not take effect until 2021.
Eventually, the Russian government wants all domestic traffic to pass through routing points over which it has close oversight.
The Putin government has said the law is needed because of ongoing threats from many nations to retaliate over Russian meddling in elections and politics.
Analysis published early in 2019 suggested the law was part of an effort to set up a mass censorship system similar to that operated in China, which tries to scrub out chat about controversial subjects.
Russia has also recently passed laws that ban "disrespect" of the government.Repeat offenders who are blatant in their criticism of the state, its officials and Russian society could face up to 15 days in jail.

心得 :
在網路資訊自由越來越普及之年代，俄羅斯卻是透過不斷地限制人民之網路自由來換取更有效率的國家控管。根據自由之家 (Freedom House) 的數據，俄羅斯的網路自由程度在近年有十分顯著之下降趨勢，一路從2009年的49分，退化至2018年僅剩67分，而今年這個主權網路 (sovereign internet) 法案之通過，勢必明年的評分又會繼續退化。儘管俄羅斯官方宣稱近期通過這樣的法律，是為了要防範來自外國的網路攻擊，但從近年來俄國政府之規範與限制，包括封鎖加密通訊軟體 Telegram 及人力社群網站 LinkedIn，可以看出俄國確實想要透過掌握網路審查權，企圖排除外來的網路資訊，打造一個屬於本土的網路國境，確保政府的控管政策可以在網路層面完全地落實。

要如何做到杜絕假新聞、排除網路攻擊、維護國家資訊安全，是近年來世界各國都必須正視之問題，尤其是享有網路自由的民主國家。而俄羅斯選擇採取了封建式的網路管理，如同中國的網路長城一般，透過包圍自己來避免外部之攻擊，但這樣的作法無疑會使俄羅斯的網路自由更加惡化，並且也可能遏止了國家的網路科技發展，所以俄羅斯政府這樣的別有用心，會有怎麼樣的影響，或許等不久後政策的施行成果就可以看出。

而諷刺的是，儘管俄羅斯宣稱要保護國家的網路安全，卻不斷地透過假新聞攻擊與干涉外國政治，包含了鄰近的烏克蘭，便是遭到俄國假新聞入侵最嚴重的國家之一。由於烏克蘭國內早已存在嚴重的種族及國土問題，因此對俄羅斯而言是一個絕佳的機會，透過大量的假新聞與錯誤資訊來操作烏克蘭境內的民眾意識，從幾年前的克里米亞危機，到上個月剛結束的烏克蘭總統大選，都可以看到來自俄羅斯的假新聞影響，確實讓俄羅斯在這些議題上能夠有著力的空間，使得烏克蘭面臨到來自外在的分化操作，必須花更多心力在阻止假消息的流竄。因此可以看出，現今各國的國際政治角力，不僅僅是傳統的政治與經濟層面，網路資訊更是一個影響更寬闊、更深遠的重要工具。