姓名 : 劉力豪
學號 : 04114140
出處 : https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47998456
日期 : 2019/04/21
標題 :
Syria war: Kosovo brings back 110 citizens including jihadists
新聞內容 : Kosovo has brought back 110 of its citizens from Syria, mostly mothers and their children but also several jihadist fighters.
The group contained 74 children, 32 women and four men suspected of fighting for the Islamic State group (IS) who were arrested on arrival.
They flew back with the help of the US military before police escorted them to an army barracks near Pristina.
The issue of repatriations has come to the fore since the collapse of IS.
"An important and sensitive operation was organised in which the government of Kosovo, with the help of the [US], has returned 110 of its citizens from Syria," Kosovo's Justice Minister, Abelard Tahiri, said on Saturday.
"We will not stop before bringing every citizen... back to their country and anyone that has committed any crime or was part of these terrorist organisations will face justice," he added.
Kosovo, which declared independence from Serbia in 2008, is 90% Muslim.
More than 300 of its citizens have travelled to Syria since 2012, according to government figures. This number includes 70 men who were killed fighting alongside jihadist groups, Reuters news agency reports.
Police say 30 Kosovan fighters, 49 women and 8 children still remain in conflict zones in Syria and Iraq.
In recent months, a number of women have come forward to say they want to return to their home countries, including the UK, US and France, so they could raise their children in peace.
In response, the UK and US have barred two mothers from returning.
Shamima Begum, who joined IS in Syria aged 15, begged to return home shortly before giving birth to a son, but the UK government refused to let her back.
She did not renounce her allegiance to IS and the government removed her citizenship. There was much sympathy for her plight when her baby died in March.
Meanwhile, that same month, France brought back five young children of jihadist fighters.
The recent repatriations come weeks after some IS militants reportedly fled into the desert from Baghuz - their last stronghold.
The area was declared "freed" by the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on 23 March.
Although the declaration marked the last territorial victory over the group's "caliphate", experts warn it does not mean the end of IS or its ideology.
心得 :
伊斯蘭國於2014年改名後正式建國，在擁有強大的軍備火力與眾多武裝份子的情況下，於敘利亞、伊拉克...等中東地區發動了一連串的聖戰，迅速的席捲佔領了許多領土及資源，使得中東的武裝衝突情形更雪上加霜。經過多年的抗戰與國際各國的周旋下，在今年3月22日，白宮宣布伊斯蘭國已經被殲滅，絕大多數曾經遭到伊斯蘭國佔領之地區皆已收復。
科索沃為國際上具有主權爭端的新興國家，於1996年至1999年與塞爾維亞政府經歷了內戰後，在得到世界多國承認的情況下，於2008年宣布從塞爾維亞境內獨立成科索沃共和國，但塞爾維亞政府至今仍未放棄其主權。科索沃的人口組成超過九成為阿爾巴尼亞人，因此在宗教方面科索沃有九成五的伊斯蘭人口，而科國在憲法上則訂定為世俗國家，因此是巴爾幹地區宗教自由程度高的國家之一。儘管如此，在伊斯蘭國於近年盛起開始了大規模的聖戰後，由於宗教人口組成因素，科索沃也有相當多的極端伊斯蘭人士投入伊斯蘭國成為聖戰份子。
除了穆斯林國家，歐美各國也都面臨了嚴重的聖戰份子問題，儘管各國皆頒布嚴刑規定，仍無法阻擋國內之激進人士前往伊斯蘭國成為聖戰份子，主要可以歸因於伊斯蘭國在意識形態上的成功宣傳，使得被這樣的意識形態吸引的人士願意為了信仰獻身，成為聖戰份子加入抗戰。根據2018年之研究數據，有來自80個國家的41490人前往參加伊斯蘭國的聖戰行動。本文所提之科索沃即為歐洲地區大量輸出聖戰份子至伊斯蘭國的國家之一，而這樣的問題不僅僅是出現於血氣方剛的男性青年，更有許多女性受到意識形態吸引願意加入伊斯蘭國，成為聖戰新娘。
海外投入的聖戰份子問題之複雜性為，這樣意識形態上遭到洗腦在很多情況下為一時的，許多人士加入聖戰後才真正的了解到伊斯蘭國的目的與戰爭的殘酷，這種與當初吸引他們的意識形態大相逕庭，產生的幻滅感使得許多聖戰份子後悔加入伊斯蘭國，但這些人士想要海歸母國卻充滿著危險性，在於母國難以確定其意識形態究竟是否有真正的回歸世俗，在21世紀這樣的反恐世代，世界各國皆嚴重堤防恐怖分子入侵滲透至國內，國家難以去分辨這些曾經投入聖戰的國內人士是否仍為伊斯蘭國效力。在這樣的問題下，各國要如何處理海歸的聖戰份子變得非常棘手，像是英美兩國皆有拒絕聖戰新娘海歸回國的請求，使得這些聖戰新娘與其孩童必須滯留在戰爭地區與難民營中，這樣的人權與恐怖主義的爭議要如何找到平衡點徹底解決，恐怕還需要花很長的時間觀察。
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